Details

<p><b>Preface xv</b></p> <p><b>Part 1 Contact Angle Measurement and Analysis 1</b></p> <p><b>1 A More Appropriate Procedure to Measure and Analyse Contact Angles/Drop Shape Behaviours 3<br /></b><i>M. Schmitt and F. Heib</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 4</p> <p>1.1.1 Brief Summary of the History of “Modern” Wetting 4</p> <p>1.1.2 Vexing Question in Wettability 5</p> <p>1.1.3 Background 6</p> <p>1.1.3.1 Force Balance and Roughness 6</p> <p>1.1.3.2 Selected Theoretical Aspects 8</p> <p>1.1.3.3 Contact Angle Analysis and Hysteresis 11</p> <p>1.2 Experimental 13</p> <p>1.3 Obtaining “Continuous” Drop Shapes and Independent Contact Angles 14</p> <p>1.3.1 HPDSA: Image Transformation 14</p> <p>1.3.2 HPDSA: Contact Angle Determination 17</p> <p>1.3.3 HPDSA: Triple Point Determination 20</p> <p>1.3.4 HPDSA Software 21</p> <p>1.3.4.1 Baseline Determination 21</p> <p>1.3.4.2 Image Transformation 21</p> <p>1.3.4.3 Fitting Procedure and Convergence 24</p> <p>1.4 Different Contact Angles Analyses 25</p> <p>1.4.1 Possible Static Analysis 25</p> <p>1.4.2 Overall Contact Angle Analysis 25</p> <p>1.4.2.1 Example: Inclined Plane 27</p> <p>1.4.2.2 Example: Horizontal Plane with Immersed Needle 30</p> <p>1.4.3 Statistical Event Analysis: Velocity and Statistical Event Definition 33</p> <p>1.4.4 Statistical Event Analysis: Independent/Global Contact Angle Analysis 35</p> <p>1.4.5 Statistical Event Analysis: Dependent/Individual Contact Angle Analysis 39</p> <p>1.4.6 Statistical Event Analysis: Example Demonstration of Analysis Procedures 39</p> <p>1.5 Summary/Outlook 44</p> <p>1.5.1 Summary – Contact Angles Determination and Analyses 44</p> <p>1.5.2 Outlook – Drop Shape Behaviour 46</p> <p>Acknowledgements 48</p> <p>Glossary of Symbols 48</p> <p>Copyrights 52</p> <p>References 52</p> <p><b>2 Optical Contact Angle Measurement Considering Spreading, Evaporation and Reactive Substrate 59<br /></b><i>Md Farhad Ismail, Aleksey Baldygin, Thomas Willers and Prashant R. Waghmare</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 60</p> <p>2.2 Experimental Setup for Contact Angle Measurement 64</p> <p>2.2.1 Ideal Drop Spreading 65</p> <p>2.2.2 Role of Environmental Condition 66</p> <p>2.2.3 Ideal Environmental (Saturated Vapor) Condition 69</p> <p>2.2.4 Reactive System Condition 71</p> <p>2.3 Summary 74</p> <p>2.4 Supplementary Media Material 75</p> <p>Acknowledgement 75</p> <p>References 75</p> <p><b>3 Method Development for Measuring Contact Angles of Perfluoropolyether Liquid on Fomblin HC/25^® PFPE Film 81<br /></b><i>D. Rossi, S. Dall’Acqua, S. Rossi, M. Zancato, P. Pittia, E. Franceschinis, N. Realdon and A. Bettero</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 82</p> <p>3.2 Experimental 83</p> <p>3.2.1 Method Used 84</p> <p>3.2.2 Determination of Surface Free Energy (SFE) 86</p> <p>3.2.3 Contact Angles Measurements of PFPE Drop on PFPE “Liquid Film” (PFPEd/PFPEf) 86</p> <p>3.2.4 Statistical Analyses 86</p> <p>3.3 Results and Discussion 87</p> <p>3.3.1 Surface Free Energy (SFE) Characterization of PermaFoam 87</p> <p>3.3.2 Surface Free Energy Characterization of PFPE “Liquid Film” 87</p> <p>3.4 Summary 94</p> <p>Acknowledgements 95</p> <p>References 96</p> <p><b>4 Characterizing the Physicochemical Processes at the Interface through Evolution of the Axisymmetric Droplet Shape Parameters 99<br /></b><i>Ludmila Boinovich and Alexandre Emelyanenko</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 99</p> <p>4.2 The Relationships between the Contact Angle and the Thermodynamic and Geometric Characteristics of the Surface 100</p> <p>4.3 Experimental Methods for Determination of the Contact Angle and the Surface Tension for a Sessile Droplet on the Surface 106</p> <p>4.4 Determination of the Wetting Tension and the Wetted Area Fraction on the Basis of Temporal Evolution of Contact Angle and Surface Tension in Sessile Drop Method 109</p> <p>4.5 Testing the Mechanical Durability of Superhydrophobic Coatings 118</p> <p>4.6 Summary 124</p> <p>References 125</p> <p><b>5 The Interfacial Modulus of a Solid Surface and the Young’s Equilibrium Contact Angle Using Line Energy 131<br /></b><i>Sakshi B. Yadav, Ratul Das, Semih Gulec, Jie Liu and Rafael Tadmor</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 132</p> <p>5.2 The Young Equation Obtained with a Three-Dimensional Description 134</p> <p>5.3 Incorporating the Contact Line into the Young Equation 135</p> <p>5.4 Finding the Young Thermodynamic Contact Angle from Advancing/Receding Data 136</p> <p>5.5 Interfacial Modulus G_<i>s </i>Associated with the Solid Surface 138</p> <p>5.6 Summary 141</p> <p>References 141</p> <p><b>Part 2 Wettability Behavior 145</b></p> <p><b>6 Patterned Functionalization of Textiles Using UV-Based Techniques for Surface Modification – Patterned Wetting Behavior 147<br /></b><i>Thomas Bahners, Thomas Mayer-Gall, Wolfgang Molter-Siemens and Jochen S. Gutmann</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 148</p> <p>6.2 UV-Based Processes for Surface Modification 152</p> <p>6.2.1 Modifying the Surface Chemistry by Photo-Grafting 152</p> <p>6.2.2 Laser-Induced Roughening of Fiber Surfaces 153</p> <p>6.3 Experimental 154</p> <p>6.4 Results 155</p> <p>6.4.1 Lateral Wetting Patterns 155</p> <p>6.4.2 Selective Wetting on Inner and Outer Surfaces 158</p> <p>6.5 Summary and Outlook 160</p> <p>References 161</p> <p><b>7 Wettability Behavior of Oleophilic and Oleophobic Nanorough Surfaces in Air or Immersed in Water 167<br /></b><i>Luisa Coriand, Nadja Felde and Angela Duparre</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 167</p> <p>7.2 Sample Preparation 168</p> <p>7.3 Characterization Methods 169</p> <p>7.3.1 Roughness 169</p> <p>7.3.2 Wetting 169</p> <p>7.4 Surface Roughness of Al₂O₃ Coatings 170</p> <p>7.5 Wetting Behavior of Al₂O₃ Coatings 173</p> <p>7.5.1 Air as Fluid Phase 173</p> <p>7.5.2 Water as Fluid Phase 173</p> <p>7.6 Wetting Behavior of Al₂O₃ Coatings Overcoated with a Thin Top Layer 174</p> <p>7.6.1 Air as Fluid Phase 174</p> <p>7.6.2 Water as Fluid Phase 175</p> <p>7.7 Summary 177</p> <p>Acknowledgements 177</p> <p>References 177</p> <p><b>8 Effect of Particle Loading and Stability on the Wetting Behavior of Nanofluids 179<br /></b><i>A. Karthikeyan, S. Coulombe and A.M. Kietzig</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 180</p> <p>8.2 Review on Wetting Behavior and Stability of Nanofluids 181</p> <p>8.3 Summary 186</p> <p>References 188</p> <p><b>9 Dielectrowetting for Digital Microfluidics 193<br /></b><i>Hongyao Geng and Sung Kwon Cho</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 194</p> <p>9.2 Electrowetting on Dielectric (EWOD) 196</p> <p>9.3 Liquid-Dielectrophoresis (L-DEP) 198</p> <p>9.4 L-DEP in Microfluidics 200</p> <p>9.5 Dielectrowetting 203</p> <p>9.6 Droplet Manipulations by Dielectrowetting 208</p> <p>9.6.1 Experimental Setup 208</p> <p>9.6.2 Droplet Splitting and Transporting 209</p> <p>9.6.3 Multi-Splitting and Merging of Droplets 210</p> <p>9.6.4 Droplet Creating 211</p> <p>9.6.5 Manipulations of Aqueous Droplets 212</p> <p>9.7 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 214</p> <p>References 215</p> <p><b>Part 3 Superhydrophobic Surfaces 219</b></p> <p><b>10 Development of a Superhydrophobic/Superhydrophilic Hybrid Surface by Selective Micropatterning and Electron Beam Irradiation 221<br /></b><i>Keun Park and Hyun-Joong Lee</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 222</p> <p>10.2 Selective Micropatterning Using Ultrasonic Imprinting 224</p> <p>10.2.1 Ultrasonic Imprinting for Micropattern Replication 224</p> <p>10.2.2 Selective Ultrasonic Imprinting Using a Profiled Mask Film 225</p> <p>10.2.3 Fabrication of a Micropatterned Mold 225</p> <p>10.2.4 Selective Ultrasonic Imprinting for Development of Hydrophobic Micropatterns 227</p> <p>10.3 Selective Wettability Control 229</p> <p>10.3.1 Selective Surface Treatments 229</p> <p>10.3.2 Surface Hydrophobization Using Selective Hydrophobic Silane Coating 230</p> <p>10.3.3 Surface Hydrophilization Using Electron Beam Irradiation 232</p> <p>10.4 Development of Hybrid Surfaces with Versatile Wettability 233</p> <p>10.4.1 Investigation of Selectively Wettable Characteristics 233</p> <p>10.4.2 Water Collection by the Developed Hybrid Surface 234</p> <p>10.4.3 Hybrid Surface with a Combination of Three Surface Treatments 235</p> <p>10.5 Summary 236</p> <p>Acknowledgements 237</p> <p>References 237</p> <p><b>11 Hydrophobicity and Superhydrophobicity in Fouling Prevention in Sea Environment 241<br /></b><i>Michele Ferrari and Francesca Cirisano</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 241</p> <p>11.1.1 Marine Biofouling 243</p> <p>11.1.1.1 Biofouling and Inorganic Fouling 244</p> <p>11.1.1.2 Colonization 245</p> <p>11.1.1.3 Inorganic Fouling 246</p> <p>11.1.2 Surface Features and Bioadhesion 247</p> <p>11.2 Antifouling Options 248</p> <p>11.3 Problem Statement 251</p> <p>11.4 Coatings with Special Wettability and Performance Against Biofouling 252</p> <p>11.4.1 Silane-Based Coatings 253</p> <p>11.4.1.1 Hydrophobic Behaviour 253</p> <p>11.4.1.2 Superhydrophobic Behaviour 255</p> <p>11.4.2 Other Materials 256</p> <p>11.4.2.1 Hydrophobic Behaviour 256</p> <p>11.4.2.2 Superhydrophobic Behaviour 257</p> <p>11.5 General Discussion 258</p> <p>11.6 Summary 260</p> <p>References 260</p> <p><b>12 Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Anti-Corrosion of Aluminum 267<br /></b><i>Junghoon Lee and Chang-Hwan Choi</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 268</p> <p>12.1.1 Corrosion of Metallic Materials 268</p> <p>12.1.2 Surface Treatment for Anti-Corrosion of Metals 269</p> <p>12.1.3 Anti-Corrosion of a Superhydrophobic Surface on Aluminum and Its Alloys 271</p> <p>12.2 Fundamentals of Superhydrophobic Surface for Anti-Corrosion 273</p> <p>12.2.1 Electrochemical Reactions 273</p> <p>12.2.2 Wetting on Solid Surfaces 275</p> <p>12.2.3 Superhydrophobic Surface for Anti-Corrosion 276</p> <p>12.3 Applications of Superhydrophobized Aluminum Surfaces for Anti-corrosion 278</p> <p>12.4 Summary 287</p> <p>References 288</p> <p><b>Part 4 Wettability, Surface Free Energy and Adhesion 299</b></p> <p><b>13 Determination of the Surface Free Energy of Solid Surfaces: Statistical Considerations 301<br /></b><i>Frank M. Etzler</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 302</p> <p>13.1.1 Neumann’s Method 302</p> <p>13.1.2 van Oss, Chaudhury and Good Approach 305</p> <p>13.1.3 Chen and Chang Model 308</p> <p>13.1.4 The Present Work 309</p> <p>13.2 Data Analysis 310</p> <p>13.2.1 Data by Kwok <i>et al. </i>310</p> <p>13.2.1.1 Lessons from Analysis of Data by Kwok <i>et al</i>. 315</p> <p>13.2.2 Analysis of Data by Dalal 317</p> <p>13.2.3 An Alternate Experimental Approach 325</p> <p>13.3 Summary and Conclusions 326</p> <p>References 328</p> <p><b>14 Equilibrium Contact Angle and Determination of Apparent Surface Free Energy Using Hysteresis Approach on Rough Surfaces 331<br /></b><i>Konrad Terpiłowski, Diana Rymuszka, Olena Goncharuk and Lyudmyla Yakovenko</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 332</p> <p>14.2 Experimental 334</p> <p>14.2.1 Sample Preparation 334</p> <p>14.2.2 Contact Angle Measurements 335</p> <p>14.2.3 Surface Free Energy Calculation 335</p> <p>14.2.4 Surface Structure Characterisation 336</p> <p>14.3 Results and Discussion 336</p> <p>14.3.1 Contact Angles and Surface Free Energy of Sol-Gel Films 336</p> <p>14.3.2 Surface Roughness and Structure of Sol-Gel Films 339</p> <p>14.4 Conclusions 344</p> <p>Acknowledgment 345</p> <p>References 345</p> <p><b>15 Contact Angle and Wettability Correlations for Bioadhesion to Reference Polymers, Metals, Ceramics and Tissues 349<br /></b><i>Digvijay Singh and Robert Baier</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 350</p> <p>15.2 Materials and Methods 351</p> <p>15.2.1 Critical Surface Tension 355</p> <p>15.2.2 Calculations of Bond Strength 356</p> <p>15.3 Results 357</p> <p>15.3.1 Tissue Testing 357</p> <p>15.4 Discussion 358</p> <p>15.4.1 Regression Analysis 358</p> <p>15.4.1.1 Regression Analysis for Reference Materials (Without Pyrolytic Carbon and 316 LSS) 362</p> <p>15.4.2 Remaining Concerns 364</p> <p>15.4.2.1 The Peculiar Case of Pyrolytic Carbon 364</p> <p>15.4.2.2 The Case of Ti Alloy and 316 LSS 367</p> <p>15.5 Summary and Conclusions 367</p> <p>15.5.1 Limitations 369</p> <p>15.6 Future Scope 369</p> <p>References 370</p> <p><b>16 The Efficacy of Laser Material Processing for Enhancing Stem Cell Adhesion and Growth on Different Materials 373<br /></b><i>D.G. Waugh and J. Lawrence</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 374</p> <p>16.2 Surface Engineering Techniques in Stem Cell Technologies 376</p> <p>16.2.1 Laser Surface Engineering 376</p> <p>16.2.2 Plasma Surface Engineering 377</p> <p>16.2.3 Lithography Techniques 377</p> <p>16.2.4 Micro- and Nano-Printing 377</p> <p>16.3 Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials 378</p> <p>16.3.1 Experimental Technique 378</p> <p>16.3.1.1 Materials 378</p> <p>16.3.1.2 Laser Surface Engineering Techniques 378</p> <p>16.3.1.3 Analytical Techniques 378</p> <p>16.3.1.4 Biological Analysis Techniques 379</p> <p>16.3.2 Effects of Laser Surface Engineering on Surface Topography 380</p> <p>16.3.3 Effects of Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials on Stem Cell Adhesion and Growth 382</p> <p>16.4 Laser Welding of NiTi Alloys 385</p> <p>16.4.1 Experimental Technique 385</p> <p>16.4.1.1 Material 385</p> <p>16.4.1.2 Laser Micro-Welding Technique 385</p> <p>16.4.1.3 Analytical and Biological Analysis Techniques 385</p> <p>16.4.2 Surface Chemistry of Laser Micro-Welded NiTi Alloys 387</p> <p>16.4.3 Effects of Laser Welding of NiTi Alloy on Stem Cell Adhesion and Growth 387</p> <p>16.5 Summary and Future Considerations 390</p> <p>References 392</p> <p>Index 399</p>

<p><b>Kashmiri Lal Mittal</b> was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993. Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor <i>honoris causa</i> from Maria Curie-Skodowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 130 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants. Dr. Mittal is also the Founding Editor of the journal <i>Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives</i>.

<p><b>With 16 chapters from world-renowned researchers, this book offers an extraordinary commentary on the burgeoning current research activity in contact angle and wettability</b> <p>The present volume constitutes Volume 3 in the ongoing series <i>Advances in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion</i> which was conceived with the intent to provide periodic updates on the research activity and salient developments in the fascinating arena of contact angle, wettability and adhesion. <p>The book is divided into four parts: Part 1: Contact Angle Measurement and Analysis; Part 2: Wettability Behavior; Part 3: Superhydrophobic Surfaces; Part 4: Wettability, Surface Free Energy and Adhesion. The topics covered include: procedure to measure and analyse contact angle/drop shape behaviors; contact angle measurement considering spreading, evaporation and reactive substrate; measurement of contact angle of a liquid on a substrate of the same liquid; evolution of axisymmetric droplet shape parameters; interfacial modulus of a solid surface; functionalization of textiles using UV-based techniques for surface modification--patterned wetting behavior; wettability behavior of oleophilic and oleophobic nanorough surfaces; wettability behavior of nanofluids; dielectrowetting for digital microfluidics; hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity in fouling prevention; superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic hybrid surface; determination of the surface free energy of solid surfaces: statistical considerations; determination of apparent surface free energy using hysteresis approach; wettability correlations for bioadhesion to different materials; laser material processing for enhancing stem cell adhesion and growth. <p><b>Audience</b> The information provided in this book will be of great interest and value to materials scientists, surface and chemical engineers as well as R&D, manufacturing, and quality control personnel in a host of industries and technological areas such as printing, textile, adhesive bonding, packaging, automotive, aerospace, composites, microfluidics, biomedical, paint, microelectronics, and nanotechnology.

US