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<p>List of Contributors xxvii</p> <p>Foreword xxxii</p> <p>Acknowledgments xxxiv</p> <p>About the Companion Website xxxv</p> <p><b>Part One INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOVOLTAICS 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 3<br /> <i>Angèle Reinders, Wilfried van Sark, and Pierre Verlinden</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 11</p> <p>Constants 11</p> <p>List of Acronyms 11</p> <p>References 11</p> <p><b>Part Two BASIC FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 13</b></p> <p>2.1 Semiconductor Materials and their Properties 15<br /> <i>Angèle Reinders</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 19</p> <p>List of Acronyms 19</p> <p>References 20</p> <p>2.2 Doping, Diffusion, and Defects in Solar Cells 21<br /> <i>Pierre J. Verlinden</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 31</p> <p>List of Acronyms 31</p> <p>References 31</p> <p>2.3 Absorption and Generation 32<br /> <i>Seth Hubbard</i></p> <p>References 38</p> <p>2.4 Recombination 39<br /> <i>Seth Hubbard</i></p> <p>References 46</p> <p>2.5 Carrier Transport 47<br /> <i>Seth Hubbard</i></p> <p>References 53</p> <p>2.6 PN Junctions and the Diode Equation 54<br /> <i>Seth Hubbard</i></p> <p>Acknowledgments 63</p> <p>List of Symbols 63</p> <p>List of Acronyms 65</p> <p>References 66</p> <p><b>Part Three CRYSTALLINE SILICON TECHNOLOGIES 67</b></p> <p>3.1 Silicon Materials: Electrical and Optical Properties 69<br /> <i>Andreas Fell</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 77</p> <p>List of Acronyms 77</p> <p>References 78</p> <p>3.2 Silicon Solar Cell Device Structures 80<br /> <i>Andrew Blakers and Ngwe Zin</i></p> <p>References 90</p> <p>3.3 Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells 92<br /> <i>Pierre Verlinden</i></p> <p>3.4 Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells 104<br /> <i>Wilfried van Sark</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 110</p> <p>List of Acronyms 111</p> <p>References 112</p> <p>3.5 Surface Passivation and Emitter Recombination Parameters 114<br /> <i>Bram Hoex</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 121</p> <p>List of Acronyms 122</p> <p>References 122</p> <p>3.6 Passivated Contacts 125<br /> <i>Martin Hermle</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 133</p> <p>List of Acronyms 133</p> <p>References 134</p> <p>3.7 Light Management in Silicon Solar Cells 136<br /> <i>Zachary Holman and Mathieu Boccard</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 147</p> <p>List of Acronyms 148</p> <p>References 149</p> <p>3.8 Numerical Simulation of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 150<br /> <i>Pietro Altermatt</i></p> <p>References 158</p> <p>3.9 Advanced Concepts 160<br /> <i>Martin Green</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 166</p> <p>References 166</p> <p><b>Part Four CHALCOGENIDE THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS 167</b></p> <p>4.1 Basics of Chalcogenide Thin Film Solar Cells 169<br /> <i>Susanne Siebentritt</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 176</p> <p>List of Acronyms 176</p> <p>References 176</p> <p>4.2 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe Absorber Materials and their Properties 179<br /> <i>Sylvain Marsillac</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 187</p> <p>List of Acronyms 187</p> <p>References 188</p> <p>4.3 Contacts, Buffers, Substrates, and Interfaces 190<br /> <i>Negar Naghavi</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 200</p> <p>References 200</p> <p>4.4 CIGS Module Design and Manufacturing 204<br /> <i>William Shafarman</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 211</p> <p>References 211</p> <p><b>Part Five THIN FILM SILICON</b><b>‐</b><b>BASED PV TECHNOLOGIES 213</b></p> <p>5.1 Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells 215<br /> <i>Etienne Moulin, Jan</i><i>‐</i><i>Willem Schüttauf, and Christophe Ballif</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 223</p> <p>References 224</p> <p>5.2 Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells on Glass 226<br /> <i>Onno Gabriel, Daniel Amkreutz, Jan Haschke, Bernd Rech, and Rutger Schlatmann</i></p> <p>Acknowledgments 235</p> <p>List of Symbols and Acronyms 235</p> <p>References 236</p> <p>5.3 Light Management in Crystalline and Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 238<br /> <i>Franz Haug</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 244</p> <p>List of Acronyms 245</p> <p>References 245</p> <p>5.4 New Future Concepts 248<br /> <i>Jan</i><i>‐</i><i>Willem Schüttauf, Etienne Moulin, and Christophe Ballif</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 253</p> <p>References 253</p> <p><b>Part Six ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS 255</b></p> <p>6.1 Solid‐State Organic Photovoltaics 257<br /> <i>Bernard Kippelen</i></p> <p>Acknowledgments 265</p> <p>Acronyms 265</p> <p>References 265</p> <p>6.2 Hybrid and Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells 267<br /> <i>Woojun Yoon</i></p> <p>References 275</p> <p>6.3 Perovskite Solar Cells 277<br /> <i>Samuel D. Stranks and Henry J. Snaith</i></p> <p>References 289</p> <p>6.4 Organic PV Module Design and Manufacturing 292<br /> <i>Veronique S. Gevaerts</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 301</p> <p>References 302</p> <p><b>Part Seven CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENTS METHODS 303</b></p> <p>7.1 Methods and Instruments for the Characterization of Solar Cells 305<br /> <i>Halden Field</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 320</p> <p>List of Acronyms 320</p> <p>References 320</p> <p>7.2 Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence Characterization in Silicon Photovoltaics 322<br /> <i>Thorsten Trupke</i></p> <p>Acknowledgments 334</p> <p>List of Symbols 334</p> <p>List of Acronyms 335</p> <p>References 335</p> <p>7.3 Measurement of Carrier Lifetime, Surface Recombination Velocity , and Emitter Recombination Parameters 339<br /> <i>Henner Kampwerth</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 347</p> <p>List of Acronyms 348</p> <p>References 348</p> <p>7.4 In‐situ Measurements, Process Control, and Defect Monitoring 350<br /> <i>Angus Rockett</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 360</p> <p>References 360</p> <p>7.5 PV Module Performance Testing and Standards 362<br /> <i>Geoffrey S. Kinsey</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 368</p> <p>List of Acronyms 368</p> <p>References 369</p> <p><b>Part Eight III</b><b>‐</b><b>Vs AND PV CONCENTRATOR TECHNOLOGIES 371</b></p> <p>8.1 III‐V Solar Cells – Materials, Multi‐Junction Cells – Cell Design and Performance 373<br /> <i>Frank Dimroth</i></p> <p>Acknowledgments 380</p> <p>List of Acronyms 380</p> <p>References 380</p> <p>8.2 New and Future III‐V Cells and Concepts 383<br /> <i>Simon Fafard</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms and Symbols 393</p> <p>References 393</p> <p>8.3 High Concentration PV Systems 396<br /> <i>Karin Hinzer, Christopher E. Valdivia, and John P.D. Cook</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 408</p> <p>References 409</p> <p>8.4 Operation of CPV Power Plants: Energy Prediction 411<br /> <i>Geoffrey S. Kinsey</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 418</p> <p>References 418</p> <p>8.5 The Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) 420<br /> <i>Michael Debije</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 428</p> <p>List of Acronyms 428</p> <p>References 429</p> <p><b>Part Nine SPACE TECHNOLOGIES 431</b></p> <p>9.1 Materials, Cell Structures, and Radiation Effects 433<br /> <i>Rob Walters</i></p> <p>List of Symbols and Units 442</p> <p>References 442</p> <p>9.2 Space PV Systems and Flight Demonstrations 444<br /> <i>Phillip Jenkins</i></p> <p>Acknowledgments 453</p> <p>List of Acronyms 453</p> <p>References 454</p> <p>9.3 A Vision on Future Developments in Space Photovoltaics 455<br /> <i>David Wilt</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 461</p> <p>List of Acronyms 461</p> <p>References 462</p> <p><b>Part Ten PV MODULES AND MANUFACTURING 463</b></p> <p>10.1 Manufacturing of Various PV Technologies 465<br /> <i>Alison Lennon and Rhett Evans</i></p> <p>Acknowledgements 474</p> <p>List of Abbreviations 474</p> <p>References 474</p> <p>10.2 Encapsulant Materials for PV Modules 478<br /> <i>Michael Kempe</i></p> <p>Acknowledgments 488</p> <p>List of Symbols 488</p> <p>List of Acronyms 488</p> <p>References 489</p> <p>10.3 Reliability and Durability of PV Modules 491<br /> <i>Sarah Kurtz</i></p> <p>Acknowledgments 500</p> <p>References 501</p> <p>10.4 Advanced Module Concepts 502<br /> <i>Pierre Verlinden</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 508</p> <p>List of Acronyms 508</p> <p>References 509</p> <p><b>Part Eleven PV SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 511</b></p> <p>11.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems 513<br /> <i>Greg J. Ball</i></p> <p>Acknowledgments 527</p> <p>List of Acronyms 528</p> <p>References 529</p> <p>11.2 Inverters, Power Optimizers, and Microinverters 530<br /> <i>Chris Deline</i></p> <p>List of Symbols 537</p> <p>List of Acronyms 537</p> <p>References 538</p> <p>11.3 Stand-Alone and Hybrid PV Systems 539<br /> <i>Matthias Vetter and Georg Bopp</i></p> <p>References 552</p> <p>11.4 PV System Monitoring and Characterization 553<br /> <i>Wilfried van Sark, Atse Louwen, Odysseas Tsafarakis, and Panos Moraitis</i></p> <p>Acknowledgments 561</p> <p>List of Symbols 561</p> <p>List of Acronyms 562</p> <p>References 562</p> <p>11.5 Energy Prediction and System Modeling 564<br /> <i>Joshua S. Stein</i></p> <p>List of Symbols and Acronyms 575</p> <p>References 577</p> <p>11.6 Building Integrated Photovoltaics 579<br /> <i>Michiel Ritzen, Zeger Vroon, and Chris Geurts</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 588</p> <p>References 588</p> <p>11.7 Product Integrated Photovoltaics 590<br /> <i>Angèle Reinders and Georgia Apostolou</i></p> <p>List of Acronym 598</p> <p>References 598</p> <p><b>Part Twelve PV DEPLOYMENT IN DISTRIBUTION GRIDS 601</b></p> <p>12.1 PV Systems in Smart Energy Homes: PowerMatching City 603<br /> <i>Albert van den Noort</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 610</p> <p>References 611</p> <p>12.2 New Future Solutions: Best Practices from European PV Smart Grid Projects 612<br /> <i>Gianluca Fulli and Flavia Gangale</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 619</p> <p>References 619</p> <p><b>Part Thirteen SUPPORTING METHODS AND TOOLS 621</b></p> <p>13.1 The Economics of PV Systems 623<br /> <i>Matthew Campbell</i></p> <p>List of Acronyms 633</p> <p>References 633</p> <p>13.2 People’s Involvement in Residential PV and their Experiences 634<br /> <i>Barbara van Mierlo</i></p> <p>References 644</p> <p>13.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Photovoltaics 646<br /> <i>Vasilis Fthenakis</i></p> <p>References 656</p> <p>13.4 List of International Standards Related to PV 658<br /> <i>Pierre Verlinden and Wilfried van Sark</i></p> <p>Acknowledgements 671</p> <p>References 671</p> <p>Index 672</p>

<p><b>Prof Angèle Reinders, University of Twente, The Netherlands<br /></b>Angèle Reinders is currently an associate professor of Sustainable Energy at the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, and visiting professor of Energy-Efficient Design at TU Delft, The Netherlands</p> <p><b>Dr Pierre Verlinden, Trina Solar, China  <br /></b>Pierre Verlinden is Vice-President and Chief Scientist at Trina Solar , and adjunct professor at Sun-Yat sen University, Guangzhou, China.</p> <p><b>Prof Wilfried van Sark, Utrecht University, The Netherlands <br /></b>Wilfried van Sark is an associate professor at Utrecht University, The Netherlands.</p> <p><b>Prof Alexandre Freundlich, University of Houston, USA <br /></b>Alexandre Freundlich is a research professor of physics and electrical and computer engineering at the University of Houston.</p>

<p>Solar PV is now the third most important renewable energy source, after hydro and wind power, in terms of global installed capacity. Bringing together the expertise of international PV specialists <i>Photovoltaic Solar Energy: From Fundamentals to Applications</i> provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of existing PV technologies in conjunction with an assessment of technological developments.</p> <p>Key features:</p> <ul> <li>Written by leading specialists active in concurrent developments in material sciences, solar cell research and application-driven R&D.</li> <li>Provides a basic knowledge base in light, photons and solar irradiance and basic functional principles of PV.</li> <li>Covers characterization techniques, economics and applications of PV such as silicon, thin-film and hybrid solar cells.</li> <li>Presents a compendium of PV technologies including: crystalline silicon technologies; chalcogenide thin film solar cells; thin-film silicon based PV technologies; organic PV and III-Vs; PV concentrator technologies; space technologies and economics, life-cycle and user aspects of PV technologies.</li> <li>Each chapter presents basic principles and formulas as well as major technological developments in a contemporary context with a look at future developments in this rapidly changing field of science and engineering.</li> </ul> <p>Ideal for industrial engineers and scientists beginning careers in PV as well as graduate students undertaking PV research and high-level undergraduate students.</p>

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