Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Hybrid Nanostructured Materials for Advanced Lithium Batteries

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Battery Requirements
1.3 Survey of Rechargeable Batteries
1.4 Advanced Materials for Electrodes
1.5 Future Battery Strategies
1.6 Limitations of Existing Strategies
1.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 2: High Performing Hybrid Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Applications

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Scope of the Chapter
2.3 Characterization of Hybrid Nanomaterials
2.4 Hybrid Nanomaterials as Electrodes for Supercapacitor
2.5 Applications of Supercapacitor
2.6 Conclusions
References

Chapter 3: Nanohybrid Materials in the Development of Solar Energy Applications

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Significance of Nanohybrid Materials
3.3 Synthetic Strategies
3.4 Application in Solar Energy Conversion
3.5 Summary
References

Chapter 4: Hybrid Nanoadsorbents for Drinking Water Treatment: A Critical Review

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Status and Health Effects of Different Pollutants
4.3 Removal Technologies
4.4 Hybrid Nanoadsorbent
4.5 Issues and Challenges
4.6 Conclusions
References

Chapter 5: Advanced Nanostructured Materials in Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theoretical Aspect of EMI Shielding
5.3 Experimental Methods in Measuring Shielding Effectiveness
5.4 Carbon Allotrope-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
5.5 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer (ICP) Derived Nanocomposites
5.6 Summary
Acknowledgement
References

Chapter 6: Preparation, Properties and the Application of Hybrid Nanomaterials in Sensing Environmental Pollutants

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hybrid Nanomaterials: Smart Material for Sensing Environmental Pollutants
6.3 Synthesis Methods of Hybrid Nanomaterials
6.4 Basic Mechanism of Gas Sensors Using Hybrid Nanomaterials
6.5 Hybrid Nanomaterials-Based Conductometric Gas Sensors for Environmental Monitoring
6.6 Conclusion
References

Chapter 7: Development of Hybrid Fillers/Polymer Nanocomposites for Electronic Applications

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Factors Influencing the Properties of Filler/Polymer Composite
7.3 Hybridization of Fillers in Polymer Composites
7.4 Hybrid Fillers in Polymer Nanocomposites
7.5 Fabrication Methods of Hybrid Fillers/Polymer Composites
7.6 Applications of Hybrid Fillers/Polymer Composites
References

Chapter 8: High Performance Hybrid Filler Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Reinforcing Fillers
8.3 Necessity of Hybrid Filler Systems
8.4 Epoxy Resin
8.5 Preparation of Hybrid Filler/Epoxy Nanocomposites
8.6 Characterization of Hybrid Filler/Epoxy Polymer Composites
8.7 Properties of the Hybrid Filler/Epoxy Nanocomposites
8.8 Summary and Future Prospect
References

Chapter 9: Recent Developments in Elastomer/Hybrid Filler Nanocomposites

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Preparation Methods of Elastomer Nanocomposites
9.3 Hybrid Fillers in Elastomer Nanocomposites
9.4 Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites
9.5 Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of Elastomer Nanocomposites
9.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites
9.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) Analysis of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites
9.8 Electrical Conductivity of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites
9.9 Thermal Conductivity of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites
9.10 Dielectric Properties of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposits
9.11 Shape Memory Property of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites
9.12 Summary
Acknowledgment
References

Index

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 (a) Practical driving ranges of a present typical electrically driven vehicle (the values for driving ranges are based on the minimum specific energy for each technology and scaled on the specific energy of the Li-ion cells (140 Wh/kg) and a driving range (160 km) of the Nissan Leaf). The specific energies are given for some rechargeable batteries, along with estimated driving distances and pack prices. For future technologies, a range of anticipated specific energies are shown by the lighter shaded region on the bars in the chart for rechargeable batteries under development and for R&D. (Reprinted with permission from [3]; Copyright © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Ltd). (b) Drive range of all electrically driven cars as per U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rating. (Source: Wikimedia Commons, “Electric Car,” 12/2016).
Figure 1.2 (a) Global battery market for Li-based batteries. (Source: Vishal Sapru, Frost & Sullivan). (b) Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) market evaluation. (Reproduced with permission from [24]; Copyright © 2009 Elsevier B.V.). (c) cost for lithium-ion battery packs and yearly demand for EV battery power. (Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance).
Figure 1.3 Operating principle of lithium ion battery taking LiCoO₂ as representative cathode material and graphite as anode.
Figure 1.4 (a) Schematic representations of the morphological changes during cycling: Thin film and particles undergone large volume changes leading to pulverization of the electrodes, whereas the Si nanowires directly grown on the substrate are capable of efficient 1D electron transport as well as free spaces around the wires which can accommodate large strains and volume changes. (b) SEM images of the silicon nanowires before and (c) after electrochemical cycling and (d) cycle performances of the silicon nanowires (Si NW)s at the C/20 rate in comparison to silicon nanocrystals (Si-NC) and graphite. (Reprinted with permission from [60]; Copyright © 2008 Nature Publishing Group).
Figure 1.5 Effect of carbon coating on battery performances of lithium titanate; (a) SEM picture of C-coated Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, (b) cycle performance and (c) rate performance. (Reproduced with permission from [95]; Copyright © 2007 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 1.6 (a, b) SEM images of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ and (c) its electrochemical properties with different fractions of void filling. (Reproduced with permission from [100]; Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society).
Figure 1.7 (a, b) SEM micrographs of FSP made lithium titanate at different magnifications, (c) rate capability test, and (d) long-term cycling stability of FSP made lithium titanate electrodes with CMC binder cycled at 10C (no CV step; cutoff potentials: 1.2 and 2.2 V). (Reprinted with permission from [102]; Copyright © 2015 The Electrochemical Society).
Figure 1.8 HRTEM of (a) thermally exfoliated graphene, (b) MoS₂ and (c) MoS₂-rGO-7 wt%. (d) Charge-discharge performances of neat MoS₂ and the MoS₂-rGO hybrids (in MoS₂-rGO-X, X stands for wt% of rGO loading with respect to MoS₂). (e) Rate capability study of MoS₂-rGO hybrids with 5 and 7 wt% rGO loading. (Reproduced with permission from [118]; Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 1.9 Schematic representation of the electrochemical processes during charge/discharge of LiFePO₄.
Figure 1.10 Operating principle of lithium-sulfur batteries.
Figure 1.11 Carbon-sulfur composites with different nanoscaled porous architectures.
Figure 1.12 (a) Scheme of fabrication of vertically aligned carbon nanotube-sulfur composite, (b) SEM image of vertically aligned carbon nanotube before filling with sulfur, (d) the same after filling sulfur, and (e) charge-discharge performance of the electrodes at a current rate of C/13 taking 1 M LiTFSI in 1:1 (v/v) DME/DOL with 0.25 M LiNO₃. (Reproduced with permission from [187]; Copyright © 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry)
Figure 1.13 SEM images of carbon electrode after mixing with sulfur (a) and after annealing at 155 °C (b) for sample with 490 nm large pores. SEM image (c) and corresponding elemental maps obtained by EDX of sulfur-filled porous carbon matrix: (d) carbon map, (e) oxygen map and (f) sulfur map. Cycolvoltammetric. (i,j) E-constant current measurements of batteries with cathodes prepared using 490 nm (i) and 740 nm (j) large particles. (Reproduced with permission from [168]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 1.14 (a) Schematic illustration of the employed approach for the fabrication of gyroid carbon replicas. (b) FESEM image of gyroid carbon substrate for sulfur cathode. (c) electrochemical performances of the gyroidal carbon-sulfur electrodes: (i) cyclic voltammogram, (ii) voltage profiles at 0.1C discharge and 0.2C charging rate, (iii) cycle performance of the same electrode without LiNO₃ additive, (iv) rate capability and (v-vi) cycle performance with LiNO₃ at different cut-off voltages. (Reprinted with permission from [164]; Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society).
Figure 1.15 (a, b) TEM images of hollow carbon spheres (HCS) at different magnification, (c) the synthesis scheme for preparing HCS, and (d) cycle performance of sulfur composite with HCS. (Reprinted with permission from [191]; Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
Figure 1.16 (a) Schematic representation of the designed polyporous electrodes with high sulfur loading of 2.5 mg/cm² composed of polyporous cathodes and meshy current collector. (b) Typical SEM image of the designed electrodes (inset: SEM image of spray dried carbon-sulfur). (c) Cycle performance of the designed electrodes with 2.5 mg/cm² sulfur loading at various current rates. (d) The 1st, 50th, 100th, and 250th galvanostatic discharge/charge curves of the designed electrode with 2.5 mg/cm² sulfur loading at a current rate of 0.5C in the voltage range of 1.8–2.8 V versus Li/Li⁺. (Reprinted with permission from [167]; Copyright © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
Figure 1.17 Electrochemical performance of sulfur-impregnated activated carbon fiber cloth: (a) SEM image of the sulfur cathode (EDX spectra is presented in inset). (b) Cyclic voltammetric scan of the same cathode. (c,d) Galvanostatic charge discharge performance and corresponding voltage profiles. (Reprinted with permission from [165]; Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
Figure 1.18 (a) Scheme of the preparation of TiO₂ yolk-shell cathode; (b) SEM and (c) TEM image of as-synthesized sulfur-TiO₂ yolk-shell nanostructures. (d) Cycle performance of the same cathode over 1,000 cycles at 0.5C. (e) Capacity retention of sulfur-TiO₂ yolk-shell nanostructures cycled at 0.5C, in comparison with bare sulfur and sulfur-TiO₂ core-shell nanoparticles. (f) Rate capability study of yolk-shell nanostructures. (Reprinted with permission from [200]; Copyright © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.).
Figure 1.19 Operating principles of lithium-air batteries.
Figure 1.20 (a) TEM image of the carbon-supported manganese oxide. (b) Voltage-capacity curves on discharge then charge for the Li-air battery with the carbon-supported manganese oxide (heat treated or not treated) or electrolytic manganese dioxide catalyzed oxygen electrodes at a rate of 70 mA/g_carbon. The first cycle were cycled between 2.0 and 4.3 V in 1 atm of O₂. Capacities are normalized per gram of carbon in the electrode. (Reprinted with permission from [214]; Copyright © 2009 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 1.21 (a) Scheme of synthesis of MnO₂ nanoflakes on MWCNT. (b) SEM and (c) TEM images of MWCNT-MnO₂ nanocomposites. (d) Cycling performance of MnO₂/MWNT, mixed MnO₂/MWNT, and all-MWNT cathodes at a current rate of 70 mA/g. (Reprinted with permission from [215]; Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 1.22 FESEM images of the (a) as-prepared GNS and (b) commercial Vulcan XC-72 carbon. (c) Charge/discharge voltage profiles (third cycle) of the as-prepared GNSs and Vulcan XC-72 carbon. Capacities are per gram of carbon in the electrode. Cycling was carried out at a current density of 50 mA/g (0.1 mA/m²) in 1 atm O₂ atmosphere at room temperature (20 °C). The cut voltage ranges were 2.0–4.4 V for the GNS electrode and 2.0–4.6 V for the Vulcan carbon electrode, respectively. (Reprinted with permission from [216]; Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.).

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 (a) TEM image of MnO₂/CNT composites (Reprinted with permission from [12]; Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society). (b,c) TEM and HR-TEM images of PPy/RGO. (Reprinted with permission from [13]; Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society). (d,e) TEM and SAED pattern images of Ni-Co-S nanosheet. (Reprinted with permission from [14]; Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.2 (a) Pristine CNTs, (b) low-magnification, and (c) high-magnification view of MnO₂/CNTs composite. (Reprinted with permission from [12]; Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.3 AFM image of RGO. (Reprinted with permission from [15]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 2.4 XRD patterns of (a) graphite, GO, RGO and (b) the pristine CNTs, MnO₂, and MnO₂/CNTs composite. (Reprinted with permission from [12]; Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.5 (a) FTIR spectra of GO and RGO. Deconvoluted XPS of (b) GO and (c) RGO. (Reprinted with permission from [15]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 2.6 CD curves of GO, graphite and K-graphene. (Reprinted with permission from [29]; Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 2.7 CV curve of pristine graphene sheets (a) and KOH treated graphene nanosheets (b) at 10 and 20 mV s^–1. (Reprinted with permission from [30]; Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 2.8 CD of GH-H, GH-HI8, and GH-Hz8 respectively. (Reprinted with permission from [37]; Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.9 (a) CD of the GO, G600, G800 and G1000; (b) EIS of G250 and G1000. (Reprinted with permission from [38]; Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 2.10 Different stages of graphene device fabrication: (a) A typical graphene film; (b) After physically defining the active area of the entire graphene material to be used as the electrode a gap is created using a razor sharp blade; (c) The active area of the electrode is then covered by a mask and then gold (current collector) is sputtered to supply electrical contacts; (d) Polymer-gel electrolyte is selectively deposited over the gap and then the pre-defined graphene electrode area and allowed to dry. (Reprinted with permission from [42]; Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.11 TEM images showing well-dispersed RuO₂ nanoparticles (diameter < 2 nm) on the carbon nanotubes’ surface. (Reprinted with permission from [52]; Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.12 (a) Cyclic voltammetry measurements for RGM SC performed under different scan rates of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 mV s^–1. (b) Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of RGM SC at different current densities. (Reprinted with permission from [54]; Copyright © 2014 Nature Publishing Group).
Figure 2.13 (a) CV of graphene/MnO₂ and bare MnO₂. (b) CV curves of graphene/MnO₂/ACN asymmetric supercapacitor measured at different scan rates. (Reprinted with permission from [60]; Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
Figure 2.14 (a) Low and (b) high resolution TEM image of graphene/MnO₂, (c) SEM image of MnO₂ and (d) XRD of graphene, MnO₂ and graphene/MnO₂. (Reprinted with permission from [60]; Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
Figure 2.15 (a) CV at various scan rates; (b) Variation of specific capacitance at various scan rates; (c) CD curves at various discharge current densities; (d) Average specific capacitance at various discharge current densities; (e) CD curves at a current density of 28.6 A/g; and (f) Average specific capacitance versus a current density of 28.6 A/g of Ni(OH)₂ hexagonal nanoplates grown on graphene sheet. (Reproduced with permission from [74]; Copyright © 2010 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.16 (a) CVs of the rGO and RGO/Co₃O₄ at a scan rate of 100 mV s^–1; (b) CV of the rGO-Co₃O₄ at various scan rates; and (c) Plots of specific capacitance of RGO and RGO/Co₃O₄ with different scan rates. (Reprinted with permission from [80]; Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 2.17 Nyquist plot of RGO and RGO/Co₃O₄. (Reprinted with permission from [80]; Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 2.18 (a) Comparison of CV of 3D graphene and 3D graphene/Co₃O₄; (b) CV of 3D graphene/Co₃O₄ at different scan rate; (c) CD of 3D graphene/Co₃O₄ at different current density; and (d) Stability plot of 3D graphene/Co₃O₄. (Reprinted with permission from [82]; Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.19 The CV of (GNS/LDH) at different scan rates. (Reprinted with permission from [93]; Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.20 Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of a 40-bilayer film of Co-Al LDH-NS/GO at various scan rates. (Reprinted with permission from [95]; Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.21 Schematic governing the preparation of PANI-g-rGO with a digital picture of the sample in the middle. (Reprinted with permission from [98]; Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.22 Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) recorded in 1 MH₂SO4 solution as the electrolyte at a sweep rate of 100 mV s^–1. (Reprinted with permission from [98]; Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.23 (A) Schematic illustration of preparation of PANI/RGO composite: (a) synthesis of RGO by glucose reduction of GO; (b) deposition of RGO on stainless steel substrate; and (c) electrodeposition preparation of PANI nanofibers on RGO nanosheets. (B) Molecular structure of PANI. (Reprinted with permission from [101]; Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.).
Figure 2.24 Schematic diagram illustrating bacterial cellulose (BC) as template and precursor for the synthesis of electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitor device. (Reprinted with permission from [105]; Copyright © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
Figure 2.25 Sulfonation of graphene, composite formation and CD cycle of PPY/SG composite. (Reprinted with permission from [111]; Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.26 (a) Schematic structures of graphene, PEDOT and G-PEDOT. (b) Schematic of synthesis of G-PEDOT. (Reprinted with permission from [114]; Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.).
Figure 2.27 SEM images of (a) CC, (b) PEDOT/CC, (c) GP/CC, (d) PEDOT/GP, (e) backside of GP/CC, and (f) backside of PEDOT/GP/CC. (Reprinted with permission from [115]; Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.).
Figure 2.28 Comparison of CV curves between MnO₂ and MnO₂/CNT. (Reprinted with permission from [122]; Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.29 FESEM images of NiAl-LDH, MWCNT, and NiAl-LDH-MWCNT. (Reprinted with permission from [123]; Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.30 Schematic of the coaxial fiber supercapacitor fabrication process. (a) MWCNTs were dispered in NaDDBs solution. (b) MWCNTs are deposited onto planar CMFs by spray-coating. (c) The MWCNTs/CMFs are assembled into bundles after removing surfactant. (d,f) SEM images of single uncoated CMF and single CMF coated with MWCNTs. (e) SEM image of a MWCNTs/CMF bundle. (g) SEM image of a CNF film and its enlargement on upper right (the inset is a digital photo of the bendable CNF film). (h) After soaking with polymer electrolyte, the core MWCNTs/CMF bundle was wrapped with separator and CNF film. (i) Schematic and digital photo of a coaxial fiber supercapacitor. (Reprinted with permission from [125]; Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society).
Figure 2.31 Illustration of Ni(OH)/CNT-AC asymmetric supercapacitor in 6 M KOH electrolyte. (Reprinted with permission from [127]; Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Core-shell nanostructures in solar cell applications: (a) Alignment of the conduction and valence band edges for two types (Type I and Type II) of heterostructures. (Reprinted with permission [115]; Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim). (b) I-V characteristics of p-i-n Si photovoltaic devices under dark and AM 1.5 irradiation (inset: schematic and SEM image of p-i-n core-shell nanostructures). (Reprinted with permission from [130]; Copyright © 2007 Nature Publishing Group). (c) Schematic representation of hybrid Si microwire (radial junction) and planar solar cell composed of vertically aligned p-type single-crystalline Si-MW arrays covered with intrinsic n-type polycrystalline-Si (poly-Si) layers, and an outermost a-SiN:H layer and (d) the comparative I-V characteristics of p-n, p-i-n and p-i-n with a-SiN:H top layer hybrid solar cells. (Reprinted with permission from [132]; Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society).
Figure 3.2 (a) Energy band diagram displaying HOMO and LUMO of possible polymer donor materials, as well as the valence and conduction band edge of multiple inorganic acceptors. (b-c) Two major types of heterojunction structures: (b) Type I: nested band alignment, (c) Type II: staggered band alignment. (Reprinted with permission from [55]; Copyright © 2014 Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 3.3 Synthetic strategies to fabricate nanostructures: (a) Representation of the simple synthetic apparatus for hot-injection method. (Reprinted with permission from [54]; Copyright © 2000 Royal Society of Chemistry). (b) TEM image of FeS₂ nanocubes synthesized by hot-injection method. (Reprinted with permission from [32]; Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society). (c) Schematic representation of electrochemical anodization set-up and (d) SEM image (top-view) of self-organized TiO₂ nanotubes prepared by the same method. (Reprinted with permission from [93]; Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons). (e–g) SEM images of CdSe nanowires (e), nanorods (f) and tetrapod nanostructures grown by the Si-assisted chemical vapor deposition method. (Reprinted with permission from [190]; Copyright © 2006 John Wiley and Sons).
Figure 3.4 Fe₂O₃-TiO₂ hybrid nanostructure for photocatalytic applications: (a) Mechanism of photocatalysis and (b) Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by different iron-modified P25 and hybrid Fe₂O₃-TiO₂. (Reprinted with permission from [220]; Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons).
Figure 3.5 (a) Basic principle of overall water splitting on a heterogeneous photocatalyst. (Reprinted with permission from [238]; Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society). (b) chrono-amperometry curves over on-off light cycles of the ZnO@TiO₂ core-shell photoanodes made without (ZT-air-A) and with (ZT-air-B) preannealing of the ZnO NWs before the TiO₂ impregnation, in comparison with a TiO₂ NPs film of equivalent thickness. (Reprinted with permission from [117]; Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society).
Figure 3.6 Various nanostructures in solar cell application: (a) I-V measurement of ITO/400 nm FeS₂ NCs/Al device at dark and at AM 1.5 illumination (inset: SEM image of FeS₂ nanocrystals). (Reprinted with permission from [34]; Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society). (b,c) SEM images (side view (b) and top view (c)) of self-organized TiO₂ nanotubes synthesized by electrochemical anodization process and (d) thickness-dependent I-V characteristics of TiO₂ nanotube-based DSSC. (Reprinted with permission from [4]; Copyright © 2010 Royal Society of Chemistry). (e) Top view of SEM image of CdS nanorod arrays and (f) I-V characteristic of CdS-Cu2S core/shell nanorod arrays solar cell in the dark and under 1-sun (AM 1.5G) illumination. (Reprinted with permission from [53]; Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society). (g) I-V curves of photovoltaic devices composed of SiNWs etched into a mc-p⁺nn⁺-Si layer on glass. (Reprinted with permission from [315]; Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society).

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Publication numbers of five carbon materials: carbon black (CB), carbon fibers (CFs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphite and graphene, from 2001 to 2014. (Reprinted from [15] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 5.2 Mechanism of EMI Shielding: A schematic representation (Modified). (Adapted with permission from [13]; Copyright © Elsevier Ltd.).
Figure 5.3 Variation of EMI SE against the measured frequency range from 1 to 20 GHz for the PVC/GCu nanocomposites. (Reproduced from [54] with permission from Elsevier Ltd.).
Figure 5.4 DC conductivity at room temperature (σ_dc) of WMCNT/polyacrylate composites as a function of the WMCNT mass concentrations (p) in log–log scale. Inset: plot σdc as a function of p in linear scale. (Reprinted with permission from [70]; Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 5.5 Impact of wall integrity and aspect ratio on the EMI shielding effectiveness of the composites containing 10 wt% SWNTs. (Reprinted with permission from [84]; Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society).
Figure 5.6 Schematic representation of π–π interactions between GNP, MWCNT, and PS in the PS/MWCNT/GNP nanocomposites. (Reprinted with permission from [105]; Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society).
Figure 5.7 EMI shielding of the PS/MWCNT/GNP nanocomposites vs. frequency at (a) different MWCNT loadings with different PS-GNP bead content and (b) various weight percents of PS-GNP beads at constant MWCNT loading (0.3 wt%). (Reprinted with permission from [105]; Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society).
Figure 5.8 Effect of frequency on EMI SE of the nanocomposites [(a) HDPE + 20 wt% CB, (b) HDPE +20 wt% CB + 0.25 wt% MWCNT, (c) HDPE + 20 wt% CB + 0.5 wt% MWCNT, (d) HDPE + 20 wt% CB + 0.75 wt% MWCNT, (e) HDPE + 20 wt% CB + 1.0 wt% MWCNT]. (Reprinted with permission from [109]; Copyright © 2012 Taylor & Francis).
Figure 5.9 EMI Shielding vs. frequency of the MWCNT–PC composites containing different MWCNT loadings at 70 wt% PC beads content. (Reproduced from [21] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 5.10 FESEM micrograph and (b) HRTEM micrograph of PC/GNP/MWCNT (0.5 wt% GNP/MWCNT loading) composites [117]. Reproduced with permission from Wiley.
Figure 5.11 EMI Shielding versus frequency of the PC/GNP/MWCNT composites containing different (GNP/MWCNT) loadings. (Reproduced from [117] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 5.12 EMI shielding effectiveness of MNTs/PVDF, MNTs/f-MWCNTs/PVDF and f-MWCNTs/PVDF composites. (Reprinted from [119] with permission from Springer).
Figure 5.13 EMI shielding effectiveness as a function of frequency for NBR/MWCNT composites with various MWCNT loadings. (Reprinted with permission from [123]; Copyright © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers).
Figure 5.14 (a) DC conductivity of the CNH/GNP/PS nanocomposites with various CNH loadings at constant weight percent of GNP/PS bead in the PS matrix. The log–log plot of σDC versus (P–Pc) for the nanocomposites are shown in the figure inset. The straight line in the inset is a least-squares fit to the data using Equation 5.2, giving the best-fit values pc = ~0.07 wt%. (b) DC conductivity of the CNH/GNP/PS nanocomposites with various GNP/PS bead loading. (Reproduced from [106] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 5.15 Variation of EMI shielding versus frequency (2–8 GHz) of RSGO, RGOCu10, RSGOCu2, RSGOCu5 and RSGOCu10. (Reprinted from [173] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 5.16 Structures of (a) polyacetylene (PA), (b) polyparaphenylene (PPP), (c) polyphenylene vinylene (PPV), (d) polypyrrole (PPy), (e) polythiophene (PT), and (f) polyaniline (PANI) conducting polymers.
Figure 5.17 EMI shielding effectiveness toward electric fields plotted with respect to frequency (100 MHz–1 GHz) for PANI-DBSA/epoxy hybrids prepared using the (a) blending and (b) absorption-transferring processes. (Reprinted with permission from [194]; Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society).
Figure 5.18 (A) Electrical conductivity of the PAni and the PAni composites filled with graphene, Ag@graphene, and Ni@graphene. (B) Highest EMI SE of: (a) PAni; PAni composites filled with graphene, Ag@graphene, and Ni@graphene for 0.5 wt% (b–d), 1.0 wt% (e–g), 3.0 wt% (h–j) and 5.0 wt% (k–m) [209]. (Reprinted with permission from [209]; Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.).
Figure 5.19 The PANI-PTSA(15%)/Fe3O4/epoxy resin hybrid composites frequency dependence of (a) real part of complex permittivity, (b) imaginary part of complex permittivity, (c) tan(δ)ε, (d) real part of complex permeability, (e) imaginary part of complex permeability, and (f) tan(ε)µ. (Reprinted with permission from [221]; Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V.).
Figure 5.20 Variation of EMI shielding (SE) of (A) PnHM and (B) PnHMAg for different thicknesses at S- and X-band frequencies. (Reprinted with permission from [13]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.).
Figure 5.21 (a) SEM image and (b) TEM image of HPPy/Ag-10. (Reprinted from [279] with permission from Nature Publishing Group).
Figure 5.22 (a) Variation of EMI shielding of PPy, HPPy, HPPy/Ag-2, HPPy/Ag-5, and HPPy/Ag-10 with varying frequency at 0.5–8 GHz. (b) Trapping mechanism of EM wave through enhanced internal reflection in HPPy/Ag: An anticipated scheme. (Reprinted with permission from Nature Publishing Group).

Chapter 6

Scheme 6.1 List of Publications and patents in the field of hybrid nanomaterials. (Reproduced with permission from [34]; Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society).
Figure 6.1 Possible strength of interaction in hybrid nanomaterials. (Reproduced with permission from [35]; Copyright © 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.).
Figure 6.2 Fundamental reactions involved in the sol-gel method. (Reproduced with permission from [35]; Copyright © 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.).
Figure 6.3 Schematic representation of layer-by-layer deposition method.
Figure 6.4 Schematic illustration of template-assisted synthesis of hybrid materials. (Reproduced with permission from [35]; Copyright © 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.).
Figure 6.5 Schematic illustration of PVD technique for the fabrication of hybrid nanostructures.
Figure 6.6 Generalized mechanism of a gas sensor using n-type semiconducting metal oxides.
Figure 6.7 Electron micrographs with different magnification of Au-loaded NiO hybrid nanostructures and dynamic sensing response–recovery curves with various acetone concentrations. (Reproduced with permission from [72]; Copyright © 2012 Elsevier).
Figure 6.8 Gas-sensing response of (a) Ag-RGO/PIL and (b) pure RGO-based sensors upon periodic exposure to different polar VOCs. Schematic representation of chemical vapor absorbed onto the Ag microspheres decorated RGO sheets (c) and pure RGO sheets (d). (Reproduced with permission from [74]; Copyright © 2014 Springer).
Figure 6.9 Response–recovery curves of the rGO–Co₃O₄ composite nanofibers for ammonia gas sensing at room temperature. (Reproduced with permission from [77]; Copyright © 2016 Elsevier).
Figure 6.10 Dynamic response of (a) 10:3 (RGO: SnO2) and (b) 10:4 (RGO: SnO2) towards four different concentrations of ammonia (400–1200 ppm). (c) Comparative response of intrinsic RGO, SnO2 and RGO–SnO2 hybrid sensors prepared hydrothermally and by varying the wt% of GO and SnO2 nanoparticles towards 1200 ppm ammonia, and (d) comparative plot of recovery times of intrinsic RGO, SnO2 and hybrid RGO–SnO2 sensors. (Reproduced with permission from [78]; Copyright © 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 6.11 (a) Schematic diagram illustrating the gas-sensing test platform. (b) Dynamic response-recovery curves. (c) Repetitive dynamic response-recovery curves. (d) Response-recovery curves of SnO₂-SnS₂–1 to NH₃ in the concentration range from 10 to 500 ppm. The inset shows the response as a function of NH₃ concentration. (Reproduced with permission from [79]; Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society).
Figure 6.12 (a) Effects of Pd cube size and (b) working temperature on H₂ sensing properties of Pd cube-graphene hybrids and (c) spillover zone sensing mechanism. (Reproduced with permission from [82]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier).
Figure 6.13 The procedure for hydrothermal synthesis of Pd-WO₃ nanostructures on GO and PRGO are presented. The proposed mechanism for H₂ sensing is also presented in the circle. (b) Changes in the energy band diagram of the Pd/WO₃ on a graphene sheet due to hydrogen dissociations are schematically demonstrated before and after H₂ exposure. (Reproduced with permission from [83]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier).
Figure 6.14 Response and recovery curve of sensor based on (a) ZnO–RGO hybrids towards 5 ppm NO₂, and (b) RGO towards 25 ppm NO₂. (Reproduced with permission from [86]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier).
Figure 6.15 Schematic representation of a potential barrier to electronic conduction at grain boundary for hybrid SWCNTs/SnO₂ sensors and response curve of hybrid SWCNTs/SnO₂ sensor to NO₂ at room temperature. (Reproduced with permission from [88]; Copyright © 2004 Elsevier).

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 World plastics demand by polymer type in the year 2015 [2].
Figure 7.2 Hybrid filler using different types of reinforcement and filler sources.
Figure 7.3 Hybridization of (a) intimate blending of fibers within plies, (b) alternating ply to skin/core construction and (c) various particulate fillers in a matrix.
Figure 7.4 Properties of individual materials (A and B) and effect of hybridization between material A and material B.
Figure 7.5 CTE before and after T_g of hybrid silver-filled epoxy composites (Reprinted with permission from [36]; Copyright © 2012 Springer).
Figure 7.6 Thermal conductivity of 2 vol% of hybrid fillers-filled silicone rubber composites as a function of ND/ND1 and ND/ND2 ratio.
Figure 7.7 Schematic illustrating the packing effect of different sizes and shapes of hybrid fillers in hybrid filler composite. (Figure adapted from Rothon and Hancock, 2001).
Figure 7.8 Thermal and electrical conductivities of hybrid GnP/MWCNT composite at filler content of 4 wt%. (Reprinted with permission from [42]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier).

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 SEM images showing the dispersion of CB/clay hybrid filler in epoxy matrix. (Reprinted with permission from [28]; Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.)
Figure 8.2 TEM images of dispersion of CNT_0.8GNP_0.2/epoxy composite. (Reprinted with permission from [16]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.)
Figure 8.3 (a) UV-vis absorption spectra of the epoxy nanocomposite suspensions diluted in THF solvent and (b) absorption at 500 nm vs. GNP/CNT ratio. (Reprinted with permission from [16]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.)
Figure 8.4 Stress-strain curves of the nanocomposites containing different fillers (Reprinted with permission from [85]; Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society).
Figure 8.5 Electrical conductivity for the nanocomposites exhibiting percolation behavior (Reprinted with permission from [86]; Copyright © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC).
Figure 8.6 Variation of the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite as a function of weight ratios of CB-GNP-CB and CNT-GNP-CB-CNT (total filler content is 1 wt%) (a); and the electrical conductivity of GNPs/epoxy, GNP_0.9CB_0.1/epoxy, and GNP_0.7CB_0.1CNT_0.2/epoxy as a function of the filler content (b). (Reprinted with permission from [88]; Copyright © 2010 Elsevier).
Figure 8.7 FE-SEM images of CNT-Al₂O₃ hybrid compound at different magnification (Reprinted with permission from [98]; Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.)
Figure 8.8 Preparation process of the epoxy composites. (Reprinted with permission from [106]; Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V.)
Figure 8.9 SEM images of the (a) raw SiO₂ and (b) created SiO₂-GO hybrid, scale bar 500 nm. (c) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a typical core-shell structured SiO₂-GO hybrid. (d) High-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) images of graphene-encapsulating silica spheres. (Reprinted with permission from [117]; Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society).
Figure 8.10 (a) Stress-strain curves for neat epoxy and epoxy composites; (b) effect of SiO₂-GO content on the tensile strength and modulus of epoxy resins. (Reprinted with permission from [117]; Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society).
Figure 8.11 Plots of dynamic mechanical curves for neat epoxy and epoxy composites: (a) storage modulus; (b) damping spectra (tan δ). (Reprinted with permission from [117]; Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society).
Figure 8.12 Schematic for the preparation of GO, ATS, and ATGO (Reprinted with permission from [122]; Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.)
Figure 8.13 TGA curves of pristine and differently functionalized MWCNTs. (Reprinted with permission from [128]; Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.)
Figure 8.14 (a) HRR, (b) THR, (c) TSR, and (d) smoke production rate versus time curves of epoxy and its composites obtained from cone calorimeter fire testing. (Reprinted with permission from [137]; Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society).
Figure 8.15 DMA diagrams of various epoxy hybrid nanocomposites with additive loadings of 15 wt% in comparison to the neat epoxy resin. The inset shows the loss factor between –100 and –20 °C in greater detail (Reprinted with permission from [39]; Copyright © 2003 American Chemical Society).

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 TEM images of ester-TPU nanocomposites containing 3 wt% MWCNT and 3 wt% of (a) none, (b) C30B, and (c) C25A. (Reproduced from [92] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.2 TEM images of ether-TPU nanocomposites containing 3 wt% MWCNT and 3 wt% of (a) none, (b) C30B, and (c) C25A. (Reproduced from [92] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.3 TEM images of TPU nanocomposites containing (a) 0.50 and (b) 1 wt% MMT-MWCNT (1:1) hybrid. (Reproduced from [93] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.4 TEM images of TPU nanocomposites containing (a) 0.50 and (b) 1 wt% MWCNT-CRGO (1:1) hybrid. (Reproduced from [94] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.5 TEM images of TPU/NBR nanocomposites containing (a) 0.50 and (b) 1 wt% SFCNT-LDH hybrid. (Reproduced from [96] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.6 TEM images of (a) PU–AgNP, (b) PU–MWCNT, and (c,d) PU–MWCNT– AgNP hybrid nanofibers. The inset in (a) is the EDX spectrum of PU–AgNP nanofibers, and the inset in (d) is the magnified image of the selected area. (Reproduced from [109] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 9.7 Silicone rubber/graphene/MWNTs ¼ 100/1/2.5: (a,b) SEM images, (c) TEM image, the insert is the enlargement of carbon nanotube in the white rectangle, (d) TEM image, (e) TEM image of silicone rubber/graphene/MWNTs ¼ 100/1/3 and (f) XRD profiles of MWNT, TrG, MVQ and MVQ composites. (The arrows point to the MWNTs and graphene is in white circles). (Reproduced from [111] with permission from Elsevier).
Figure 9.8 TEM images of (a) MWCNT(0.375 wt%)/VMQ, (b) G(0.375 wt%)/VMQ, (c) MWCNT-G (0.375 wt%)/VMQ, (d) MWCNT-G(0.75 wt%)/VMQ and (e) MWCNT-G(1.5 wt%)/VMQ. (Reproduced from [113] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.9 TEM image of (a) SR/0.5 wt% MMT, (b) SR/0.5 wt% MWCNT, (c) SR/1 wt% MMT/MWCNT (1:1), and (d) SR/2 wt% MMT/MWCNT (1:1) nanocomposites. (Reproduced from [114] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.10 TEM image of (A) NR/0.5GE/5CNTs (Modified image). (Reproduced from [125] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry); and (B) NR composite filled with fillers: (a) NR-2, 50 phr MK and (b) NR-3, 10 phr MK + 40 phr CB. (Reproduced from [126] with permission from Elsevier).
Figure 9.11 TEM images of (a) SBR-H40, (b) SBR-G4, (c) SBR-HG44 and (d) a schematic for the dispersion status of fillers in the composites. (Reproduced from [17] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 9.12 Variation of (a) tensile strength, elongation at break and (b) Young’s modulus of TPU nanocomposites depending on MMT-MWCNT (1:1) hybrid content. (Reproduced from [93] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.13 Variation of (a) tensile strength, elongation at break and (b) Young’s modulus of TPU nanocomposites with MWCNT-CRGO (1:1) hybrid content. (Reproduced from [94] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.14 Variation of elongation at break (EB) and Young’s modulus with MMT/MWCNT (1:1) hybrid contents of SR nanocomposites. (Reproduced from [114] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.15 (A) Stress-strain plots for neat SR (a), Li-Al-LDH(0.5 wt%)/SR (b), MWCNT(0.5 wt%)/SR (c), and Li-Al-LDH/MWCNT(1.0 wt%)/SR (d). (B) Stress-strain plots for neat SR (a), Mg-Al-LDH(0.5 wt%)/SR (b), MWCNT(0.5 wt%)/SR (c), and Mg-Al-LDH/MWCNT(1.0 wt%)/SR (d). (C) Stress-strain plots for neat SR (a), Co-Al-LDH(0.5 wt%)/SR (b), MWCNT(0.5 wt%)/SR (c), and Co-Al-LDH/MWCNT (1.0 wt%)/SR (d). (Reproduced from [116] with permission from Elsevier).
Figure 9.16 Mechanical properties of the unfilled NR and the nanocomposites filled with either single-component fillers or the hybrid filler. (a) Representative stress-strain curves, (b) tensile strength, and (c) fracture toughness. (Reproduced from [125] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 9.17 Temperature variation of (a) storage modulus and (b) loss modulus of neat TPU and its nanocomposites containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1 wt% MWCNT-CRGO (1:1) hybrid. (Reproduced from [94] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.18 Temperature-dependent curve of tan of neat TPU and its nanocomposites containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1 wt% MWCNT-CRGO (1:1) hybrid. (Reproduced from [94] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.19 (a) Storage modulus vs. temperature, (b) loss modulus vs. temperature, and (c) tan δ vs. temperature plots of neat TPU and its nanocomposites with MWCNT-MMT (1:1) hybrid. (Reproduced from [93] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.20 Temperature dependence of (a) storage modulus of neat TPU/NBR and its nanocomposites containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1 wt% SFCNT-LDH hybrid; and (b) storage modulus of neat TN and its nanocomposites containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1 wt% SFCNF-LDH hybrid. (Reproduced from [97] with permission from Springer).
Figure 9.21 Temperature dependence of tan delta of (a) neat TPU/NBR (TN) and its nanocomposites containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1 wt% SFCNT-LDH hybrid; and (b) neat TN and its nanocomposites containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1 wt% SFCNF-LDH hybrid. (Reproduced from [97] with permission from Springer).
Figure 9.22 Temperature variation of (a) storage modulus and (b) loss factor of WPU and WPU nanocomposite films. (Reproduced from [104] with permission from Elsevier).
Figure 9.23 Temperature variation of (a) tan δ and (b) storage modulus for PU, PU-MWCNT, PU-AgNP and PU-MWCNT-AgNP nanofibers. (Reproduced from [109] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 9.24 (A) Storage modulus versus temperature. (B) Tan δ versus temperature curves of (a) neat SR, (b) G(0.375 wt%)/SR, (c) MWCNT(0.375 wt%)/SR, (d) MWCNT/G(0.75 wt%)/SR, and (e) MWCNT/G(1.0 wt%)/SR.
Figure 9.25 Temperature variation of storage modulus (E’) and tan δ of neat SR, MMT(0.5 wt%)/SR, MWCNT(0.5 wt%)/SR and MMT/MWCNT(1.0 wt%)/SR.
Figure 9.26 TGA curves of neat TPU and its nanocomposites containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1 wt% MMT-MWCNT (1:1) hybrid. (Reproduced from [93] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.27 TGA curves of (a) neat VMQ, (b) MWCNT(0.5 wt%)/VMQ, (c) G(0.5 wt%)/VMQ, (d) MWCNT-G (0.5 wt%)/VMQ, (e) MWCNT-G(1.0 wt%)/VMQ, and (f) MWCNT-G(1.5 wt%)/VMQ. (Reproduced from [113] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.28 TG-DTG curves of NR composites filled with MK and CB. (Reproduced from [126] with permission from Elsevier).
Figure 9.29 DSC curves of (a) TPU, (b) SCNT/TPU, (c) SRGO/SCNT1:3/TPU, (d) SRGO/SCNT1:1/TPU, (e) SRGO/SCNT3:1/TPU, and (f) SRGO/TPU film showing two endotherm bands due to the melting of soft and hard segments. (Reproduced from [46] with permission from American Chemical Society).
Figure 9.30 (A) Second heating cycle and (B) First cooling cycle of (a) neat TPU and its nanocomposites containing (b) 0.25, (c) 0.50, (d) 0.75, and (e) 1 wt% MWCNT-CRGO (1:1) hybrid. (Reproduced from [94] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.31 DSC thermograms of PU and PU hybrid nanofibers filled with AgNPs and MWCNTs separately or simultaneously at the temperature range of (a) 40 to 100 °C and (b) 100 to 250 °C. (Reproduced from [109] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry).
Figure 9.32 DSC curves of (a) neat VMQ, (b) MWCNT(0.5 wt%)/VMQ, (c) G(0.5 wt%)/VMQ, (d) MWCNT-G(0.5 wt%)/VMQ, (e) MWCNT-G(1.0 wt%)/VMQ, and (f) MWCNT-G(1.5 wt%)/VMQ. (Reproduced from [113] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.33 DSC curves of (a) SR, (b) MMT(0.5 wt%)/SR, (c) MWCNT(0.5 wt%)/SR, (d) MMT(1 wt%)/SR, (e) MWCNT(1 wt%)/SR, (f) MMT/MWCNT(0.5 wt%)/SR, (g) MMT/MWCNT(0.75 wt%)/SR, (h) MMT/MWCNT(1 wt%)/SR, (i) MMT/MWCNT(1.5 wt%)/SR, and (j) MMT/MWCNT(2 wt%)/SR nanocomposites. Inset shows the glass transition temperature (T_g) of (a) SR and (b) MMT(0.5 wt%)/SR. (Reproduced from [114] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.34 DSC curves for (a) heating, (b) cooling, and (c) second heating cycles corresponding to the PEG, OMMT, NR/OMMT, NR/CB/OMMT, and unfilled NR samples as indicated. (Reproduced from [131] with permission from Wiley).
Figure 9.35 DSC curves for (a) heating, (b) cooling, and (c) second heating cycles corresponding to the PEG, ORD, NR/ORD, NR/CB/ORD, and unfilled NR samples as indicated. (Reproduced from [131] with permission from Wiley).

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Electrochemical performance of different metal-based hybrid materials.
Table 2.2 Electrochemical performance of different conducting polymer-based hybrid materials.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Sources of arsenic, fluoride, and several heavy metals in water.
Table 4.2 Health effects of several water pollutants and the associated risk-based standards for safe drinking water.
Table 4.3 Disadvantages of some popularly adopted methods used for contaminant removal in drinking water treatment.
Table 4.4 Adsorption capacity of macro- and nanoscale adsorbents.
Table 4.5 Hybrid nanoadsorbent for arsenic removal.
Table 4.6 Hybrid nanoadsorbent for fluoride removal.
Table 4.7 Hybrid nanoadsorbent for heavy metal removal.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Preparative method, percolation threshold (wt%), wt/vol % filler in polymer film, its thickness, conductivity, EMI SE (Dominant shielding mechanism) and frequency range for polymer nanocomposites of SWCNT and MWCNT
Table 5.2 Preparative method, percolation threshold (wt%), filler (wt/vol %) in polymer film, its thickness, conductivity, frequency range and EMI SE including dominant shielding mechanism for nano composites of graphene, reduced graphene oxide.
Table 5.3 Preparative method, percolation threshold (wt%), wt/vol % filler in polymer film, its thickness, conductivity, EMI SE (Dominant shielding mechanism) and frequency range for nanocomposites of conducting polymers.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 The mechanical properties of the hybrid filler epoxy nanocomposites.
Table 8.2 The electrical and thermal conductivity of the hybrid filler epoxy nanocomposites.
Table 9.1 Details of 3D and other hybrid fillers used in preparation of elastomer nanocomposites.
Table 9.2 Summary of mechanical properties of neat TPU and its composites. (Reproduced from [49] with permission from Elsevier).
Table 9.3 Mechanical performance of HBPU and its NCs. (Reproduced from [61] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry).
Table 9.4 Summary of mechanical properties of VMQ and its nanocomposites. (Reproduced from [113] with permission from Wiley).
Table 9.5 Summery of the mechanical properties of SR and its composites. (Reproduced from [116] with permission from Elsevier).

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Hybrid Nanomaterials

Advances in Energy, Environment and Polymer Nanocomposites

Edited by

Suneel Kumar Srivastava

Vikas Mittal