Series Editor
Jean-Charles Pomerol
Edited by
Amal El Fallah Seghrouchni
Fuyuki Ishikawa
Laurent Hérault
Hideyuki Tokuda
First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
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© ISTE Ltd 2016
The rights of Amal El Fallah Seghrouchni, Fuyuki Ishikawa, Laurent Hérault and Hideyuki Tokuda to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939641
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-958-8
The concept of smart cities emerged few years ago as a new vision for urban development that aims to integrate multiple information and communication technology (ICT) solutions in a secure fashion to manage a city’s assets. Modern ICT infrastructure and e-services should fuel sustainable growth and quality of life, enabled by a wise and participative management of natural resources to be ensured by citizens and government. The need to build smart cities became a requirement that relies on urban development that should take charge of the new infrastructures for smart cities (broadband infrastructures, wireless sensor networks, Internet-based networked applications, open data and open platforms) and provide various smart services and enablers in various domains including healthcare, energy, education, environmental management, transportation, mobility and public safety.
The smart enablers raise new research challenges that emerge across areas such as urban development and spatial planning, network infrastructure, technology platforms, services and applications, user behavior, cognitive modeling, service engineering, innovation theory and urban economics.
This book aims to present the most significant emerging, or already mature, research results in the domains mentioned below. This may help academics and practitioners to explore new directions and generate knowledge and solutions toward smarter cities.
This book has been written by experts and outstanding researchers in the main domains involved in smart cities’ development.
The co-authors cover complementary domains of computer science needed such as cloud and distributed computing, artificial intelligence and sensors and belong to various and prestigious institutions in France, Japan, Italy and Spain, which bring rich experience and a broad overview of the topic.
This book consists of 11 chapters, covering a wide range of topics for smart cities. The chapters are ordered to go from technical foundations to enable certain advanced capabilities, to platform/middleware for supporting construction and execution of various applications to field experiences in cities. Each of these three parts and the involved chapters are self-contained and address issues in smart cities from various points of view. Thus, the reader can take any of the chapters independently according to his/her interest.
Chapters 1–4 present technical foundations to enable certain functions in smart cities. Specifically, the two capabilities of sensing and reasoning are focused on as the keys for smart cities. Sensing various kinds of context information is the starting point for smart support of human and societal activities. Then reasoning mechanisms make proper decisions about execution or deployment plans. Both of them need to consider the existence of heterogeneity regarding devices, information sources and applications. Chapters 1–4 address difficulties with this point as follows.
Chapters 5–9 present platforms/middleware to support construction and execution of various applications. On one hand, this concerns how to support design, programing and verification of smart city systems. On the other hand, this concerns the architectural design in order to be holistic or to support specific features for smart city systems. Chapters 5–9 provide a wide range of discussions over these points.
Chapters 10–11 present field trials in cities. It focuses on making use of technology to realize values in cities and citizens’ lives.
Although each chapter can be read independently, it is worth being aware of the connections between chapters. There is a specific emphasis on two aspects: practical integration and intelligence, both over heterogeneous devices, services and applications. Regarding the first aspect, some of the chapters come from the ClouT project, which aims at providing the infrastructure/platform of Cloud and Internet of Things for smart cities, as well as field trials. Chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11 are from the project (the whole picture of the project is found in Chapter 5). These chapters focus on how to integrate various devices or services to compose smart-city applications or experiences in cities on the basis of the integration. Regarding the second aspect, Chapters 3, 4 and 9 complement the other chapters by providing discussions on advanced techniques for smartness by multi-agent systems. This aspect is essential for emerging smart-city systems that embed interesting “human-like” characteristics of autonomy, sociality, adaptability and so on.
Amal El Fallah Seghrouchni is a Full Professor at the University of Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 6 – France) where she heads the MAS team at LIP6 (Laboratory of Informatics of Paris 6). Her research is focused on autonomous agents and MAS. She is interested in the design, analysis and verification of cognitive MAS.
Her research topics find a large number of applications in the fields of design of complex systems (e.g. coordination of UAVs, multi-agent planning of aircraft missions etc.), ambient intelligence (smart-room, smart campus projects) and smart cities. These topics and applications are supported by a large number of academic collaborations and industrial projects. She has been involved in the major conferences related to autonomous agents and multi-agent systems and has published more than 150 referred papers and co-edited 16 books or post-proceedings.
Fuyuki Ishikawa is an Associate Professor at National Institute of Informatics, Japan. He has worked on smart and trustworthy software engineering with emphasis on service-oriented computing and formal methods. His research experience includes leadership in several funded projects and publication of more than 100 referred papers about service composition, formal refinement, test generation, legal compliance and industry education.
Dr. Laurent Hérault received his BS degree in electrical engineering and his MS degree in control engineering from the Grenoble Institute of Technology in 1987, followed by a PhD in computer science in 1991. He won the Best Junior Researcher Award from the University of Grenoble, France, in 1990. He is a CEA fellow since 2014, and led the Wireless Communications and Security labs from 2009 to 2011. Since 2011 he is VP, Director of the Europe division at CEA-LETI.
Hideyuki Tokuda obtained his PhD in computer science in 1983 from the University of Waterloo, Canada. He is a Professor of the Graduate School of Media and Governance and a Professor at the Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Japan. His current field of research is Information Appliance and Smart Spaces for the Ubiquitous Computing Environment. His research lab is working on applications, middleware, networks, and hardware to realize “Smart Spaces”.
The idea of this book emerged from a collaboration of more than 10 years between the Honiden-Lab at the National Institute of Informatics (NII), Japan, and the SMA team (Systèmes Multi-Agents) at LIP6 at Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), France. The editors would like to thank all the participants of the collaboration, especially those who contributed as the authors and the reviewers of the chapters.
We thank the consortium of the ClouT (Cloud of Things for empowering the citizen clout in smart cities) project that provided interesting insights and experiences in this book. The ClouT project is supported by the seventh framework programme for research (FP7) in the European Union (EU) and National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) in Japan.
Last but not least, we are very thankful for ISTE Ltd. and Professor Jean-Charles Pomerol who gave us the opportunity and support for publication.
Preface written by Amal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI, Fuyuki ISHIKAWA and Kenji TEI.
Chapter 1: Shared wireless sensor networks as an enabler for a context management system in smart cities. This chapter by Tei K. proposes middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which provides the essential infrastructure for smart cities to have sensing capabilities, flexibly used anywhere. The focus of the middleware is shared by the use of WSNs: each sensor has several capabilities of sensing, and the sensors can be collectively used to allow for multiple applications to run. The middleware addresses difficulties because of the distributed and dynamic nature by means of a multi-level task description language as well as mechanisms for runtime task management and self-adaptation.
Chapter 2: Sensorizer: an architecture for regenerating cyber physical data streams from the Web. This chapter by Nakazawa J. proposes architectures for enhancing the sensing capability of smart city systems, by excavating information sources on the Web. Currently, there are various kinds of information on the Web only consumed by Web browsing of human users. The proposed approach enables what is called the “Sensorizer”, which means making the information on the Web into sensor data streams easily accessible by application programs. The chapter shows how it is easy to sensorize existing Web information by a browser extension and also reports their experience with parking lot occupancy.
Chapter 3: Smart agent foundations: from planning to spatio-temporal guidance. The chapter by Chaouche A. et al. proposes an approach based on intelligent agents to build applications for smart cities. It highlights how software agents can be designed to assist users in their tasks and objectives in the context of the smart-city. These agents can be viewed as an interface between the user/citizen and the computational world of the smart city. The proposed approach is original and relevant to smart application design, as the agents can react on the fly, to the changes of contexts, sometimes unexpected, of their environment. A scenario of an ambient intelligent system dedicated to a smart campus is presented as well as the whole approach including BDI model of the agent, the planning process and the learning mechanisms that help to improve the agent performances and hence the quality of the smart applications.
Chapter 4: A multi-agent middleware for deployment of ambient applications. This chapter by Piette F. et al. proposes a middleware to ease the development, deployment, configuration and monitoring of applications for ambient systems. The main advantage of this middleware is that it decorrelates applications from hardware infrastructures by separately describing with different levels of the various entities of the system. The specifications and properties of the available hardware entities of the infrastructure, and the requirements of ambient applications are modeled with graphs. These descriptions allow us to reason about the deployment of applications on a heterogeneous hardware infrastructure by using a graph matching algorithm that finds a graph homomorphism between the application graph and the hardware infrastructure graph. The approach is based on multi-agent systems paradigm (MAS). The agent organization ensures data and resources privacy. Infrastructure agents are geographically located and manage a part of the hardware infrastructure. Application agents manage the applications used on it and the data generated by these applications.
Chapter 5: ClouT: cloud of things for empowering citizen’s clout in smart cities. This chapter by Tei K. overviews the ClouT project, which investigates the power of combining Cloud and IoT (Internet of Things) for smart cities, through Europe–Japan collaboration. The project involves a conceptual definition to handle various kinds of things in a unified way following the Cloud model. The project also proposes a holistic architecture that involves various functionalities for the infrastructure and platform for smart cities. Notable techniques and field trials with cities are found in other chapters of this book (Chapters 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11).
Chapter 6: sensiNact, IoT Platform as a Service. This chapter by Gürgen L. et al. proposes the sensiNact framework to support the construction of IoT applications. The framework includes a platform to enable easy access to various kinds of devices. The key here is to handle the heterogeneity: various protocols with the application side and with the device side. The framework also includes a studio or integrated development environment (ID) to support description of event-driven behavior to sense and act using the devices. Thus, the chapter gives a good overview of how to support application construction with various IoT devices.
Chapter 7: Verification and configuration of smart space applications. This chapter by Ishikawa F. et al. proposes a framework for verifying and configuring smart-space applications. As depicted in Chapter 6, the behavior of smart applications is often event driven, often specified in terms of event–condition–action rules. These rules can easily cause conflict between one another but they are difficult to detect as they are hidden in a great many possible scenarios. The proposed framework facilitates using the model checking technique, which exhaustively checks possible transitions, by providing translation between engineer-familiar descriptions and mathematical descriptions for model checking.
Chapter 8: SmartSantander, a massive self-managed, scalable and interconnected IoT deployment. This chapter by Galache J. et al. reports their experience in Santander, Spain, regarding the architecture that supports deployment of various applications and services using IoT devices. The experience, supported by two projects of SmartSantander and ClouT, includes a unique massive deployment of IoT devices and field applications involving transportation monitoring, participatory sensing, augmented reality and so on.
Chapter 9: Using context-aware multi-agent systems for robust smart city infrastructure. This chapter by Olaru A. et al. focuses on how to achieve the goal of providing smart city users with fresh, relevant information, promptly, without the users needing to offer personal information in exchange, except when the information is absolutely necessarily and the user is fully aware of the transfer. The chapter proposes MAS-based architecture for context-aware AmI applications in which context is a first-class entity in the design of the system. The MAS uses a fully distributed context management architecture that requires no centralized components and relies as much as possible on the computational resources that belong to the user (rather than to other organizations). The DESIA architecture integrates the user’s social context and the tATAmI framework/S-CLAIM language, which are the foundation for a middleware for the management of the user’s data in a context-aware manner.
Chapter 10: Santander City. This chapter by Sotero S. et al. reports their experience in Santander, Spain, the same city as Chapter 10, but from the city government’s side. This chapter, therefore, gives interesting insights about requirements and applications that should be supported by enabler techniques such as those described in the previous chapters. Specifically, the chapter reports smart-city applications for city management and traffic mobility management by using not only physical sensors, but also participatory sensing.
Chapter 11: Fujisawa, towards a sustainable smart city. This chapter by Yonezawa T. reports their experience in the Fujisawa city, Japan. The city investigates smart city applications, but in a sustainable way, that is, not accepting “introducing a lot of devices!” Their interesting idea is to attach sensors to garbage trucks to realize the sensing capability that covers the whole city. This chapter also reports other ideas to encourage, involve and interact with people by means of dashboards in stations and a mechanism with a “smile” game.
Introduction written by Amal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI, Fuyuki ISHIKAWA and Kenji TEI.